Unit 1 Overview

Unit 1: Using Objects and Methods introduces the foundational concepts of Java programming. You will learn how to work with variables, call methods, create objects, and manipulate Strings - skills that form the backbone of every AP CSA program.

Skills You Will Master

• Understand what algorithms and programs are
• Declare and initialize variables of different types
• Write arithmetic expressions and output results
• Understand integer division and type casting
• Read and interpret API documentation
• Distinguish between class (static) and instance methods
• Use Math class methods effectively
• Create objects using constructors
• Call instance methods on objects
• Manipulate Strings with built-in methods

Unit 1 Topic Breakdown

1.1 Algorithms, Programming, and Compilers

What is an Algorithm?

An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or accomplishing a task. Algorithms are language-independent - they describe what to do, not how to write it in code.

From Algorithm to Program

// Algorithm: Find the average of two numbers
// 1. Get two numbers
// 2. Add them together
// 3. Divide the sum by 2
// 4. Display the result

// Java Program implementing the algorithm:
int num1 = 10;
int num2 = 20;
double average = (num1 + num2) / 2.0;
System.out.println(average);  // 15.0

What is a Compiler?

A compiler translates your Java source code (.java files) into bytecode (.class files) that can run on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

// The compilation process:
//
// YourProgram.java  →  [Compiler]  →  YourProgram.class  →  [JVM]  →  Output
//   (source code)                       (bytecode)

Types of Errors

1.2 Variables and Data Types

A variable is a named storage location in memory that holds a value. Every variable has a type that determines what values it can hold.

Primitive Data Types (AP Exam Subset)

Reference Types (Objects)

Declaring Variables

// Declaration only (gets default value in instance variables)
int age;
double price;
String name;

// Declaration with initialization (required for local variables!)
int age = 17;
double price = 19.99;
String name = "Alice";
boolean isStudent = true;

Variable Naming Rules

Naming Conventions

// Use camelCase for variables and methods
int studentAge;
double averageScore;

// Use PascalCase for class names
class StudentRecord { }

// Use ALL_CAPS for constants
final double TAX_RATE = 0.0825;

Primitive vs. Reference Types

1.3 Expressions and Output

Arithmetic Operators

Integer Division - The #1 Gotcha!

// When BOTH operands are int, result is int (truncated!)
int a = 7 / 3;       // 2 (not 2.33...)
int b = 5 / 10;      // 0 (not 0.5)

// Even storing in double doesn't help - damage is done!
double d = 7 / 3;    // 2.0 (NOT 2.33...)

// If EITHER operand is double, result is double
double e = 7.0 / 3;  // 2.333...
double f = 7 / 3.0;  // 2.333...

Modulus (%) - Finding Remainders

7 % 3   // 1 (7 = 3x2 + 1)
10 % 5  // 0 (evenly divisible)
3 % 7   // 3 (3 = 7x0 + 3)

// Common uses:
x % 2 == 0   // true if x is even
x % 2 != 0   // true if x is odd
12345 % 10   // 5 (extract last digit)

Output with System.out

// println - prints and moves to next line
System.out.println("Hello");
System.out.println("World");

// print - prints without newline
System.out.print("Hello ");
System.out.print("World");  // Hello World (same line)

// Printing expressions
System.out.println(3 + 4);        // 7
System.out.println("Sum: " + 7);  // Sum: 7

String Concatenation

// + joins strings together
String s = "Hello" + " " + "World";  // "Hello World"

// Watch the order!
System.out.println(1 + 2 + "3");  // "33" (1+2=3, then "3")
System.out.println("1" + 2 + 3);  // "123" (all concatenation)
System.out.println("1" + (2 + 3)); // "15" (parentheses first)

1.4 Assignment Statements and Input

Assignment Operator (=)

// = assigns the value on the right to the variable on the left
int x = 10;
x = 20;           // x now holds 20
x = x + 5;        // x now holds 25

Swapping Values

int a = 5, b = 10;
a = b;  // a = 10
b = a;  // b = 10 (5 lost!)

int a = 5, b = 10;
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;

Scanner Input

import java.util.Scanner;

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter your name: ");
String name = input.nextLine();

System.out.print("Enter your age: ");
int age = input.nextInt();

input.close();

Scanner Methods

1.5 Casting and Range of Variables

Implicit Casting - Widening

// int to double happens automatically (no data loss)
int x = 10;
double y = x;  // y = 10.0

Explicit Casting - Narrowing

// double to int requires explicit cast
double x = 9.7;
int y = (int) x;  // y = 9 (TRUNCATED, not rounded!)

double z = -3.9;
int w = (int) z;  // w = -3 (truncates toward zero)

(int) 3.9   // 3 (not 4!)
(int) 3.1   // 3
(int) -2.9  // -2 (not -3!)

Casting to Fix Integer Division

int num = 7, denom = 3;

double wrong = num / denom;         // 2.0 (too late!)
double right = (double) num / denom;  // 2.333...
double nope = (double) (num / denom); // 2.0 (still too late!)

Integer Range and Overflow

// int range: -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
int max = Integer.MAX_VALUE;  // 2147483647
int min = Integer.MIN_VALUE;  // -2147483648

// Overflow wraps around (no error thrown!)
int x = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
x = x + 1;  // -2147483648 (wraps to MIN_VALUE)

1.6 Compound Assignment Operators

Increment and Decrement

int x = 5;
x++;  // x is now 6 (same as x = x + 1)
x--;  // x is now 5 (same as x = x - 1)

1.7 APIs and Libraries

An Application Program Interface (API) is a collection of pre-written classes and methods that you can use in your programs.

Import Statements

import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.*;  // Import all from java.util

// java.lang is automatically imported (String, Math, Integer, etc.)

AP Exam API Classes

1.8 Documentation with Comments

// Single-line comment
int x = 10;  // End of line comment

/* Multi-line comment
   spans multiple lines */

/**
 * Javadoc comment - for documentation
 * @param x the first number
 * @return the result
 */

Preconditions and Postconditions

• Precondition: What must be true BEFORE the method runs
• Postcondition: What will be true AFTER the method runs

1.9 Method Signatures

Anatomy of a Method Signature

//  access   static?  return   name      parameters
    public   static    int     add    (int a, int b)

// More examples:
public void printMessage(String msg)   // void = no return
public double calculateArea(double r) // returns double
public String getName()                // no parameters

Return Types

1.10 Calling Class (Static) Methods

Static methods belong to the class itself, not to any specific object. Call them using the class name.

// Calling static methods: ClassName.methodName(arguments)
double root = Math.sqrt(16);       // 4.0
int bigger = Math.max(5, 10);      // 10
double power = Math.pow(2, 3);     // 8.0
int num = Integer.parseInt("42");  // 42

1.11 Math Class

Essential Math Methods

int result = Math.pow(2, 3);  // COMPILE ERROR!
int result = (int) Math.pow(2, 3);  // result = 8

Random Integer Formula

// Random int from min to max (inclusive):
(int) (Math.random() * (max - min + 1)) + min

// Dice roll (1-6)
int dice = (int) (Math.random() * 6) + 1;

1.12 Objects: Instances of Classes

An object is an instance of a class. A class is a blueprint; an object is a specific thing created from that blueprint.

Classes vs. Objects Analogy

Object State and Behavior

• State: The data stored in an object (instance variables)
• Behavior: What an object can do (methods)

1.13 Object Creation (Instantiation)

Creating Objects with new

// Syntax: ClassName objectName = new ClassName(arguments);

Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
Random rand = new Random();
String s = new String("Hello");

Constructors

A constructor is a special method that creates and initializes a new object.

Reference Variables and null

String s1 = "Hello";
String s2 = s1;  // s2 points to SAME object as s1

String s3 = null;  // null means "no object"
s3.length();  // NullPointerException!

1.14 Calling Instance Methods

// Syntax: objectReference.methodName(arguments)

String s = "Hello";
int len = s.length();           // 5
String upper = s.toUpperCase(); // "HELLO"

void vs. Return Value Methods

// void methods - perform action, return nothing
System.out.println("Hello");

// Return value methods - give back a result
int len = "Hello".length();  // Returns 5

String s = "hello";
s.toUpperCase();  // Result is lost!
s = s.toUpperCase();  // s is now "HELLO"

1.15 String Manipulation

Strings are immutable - once created, they cannot be changed. String methods return NEW strings.

Essential String Methods

String Indexing

String s = "Hello";
//          01234
// s.length() = 5
// Valid indices: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4

"Hello".substring(1, 3)  // "el" (not "ell"!)
// Gets characters at index 1 and 2, NOT 3

Comparing Strings

String s = "hello";
s.toUpperCase();  // Result is lost! s is still "hello"
s = s.toUpperCase();  // s is now "HELLO"

Common Exam Traps

1. Integer Division

2. String Comparison

3. substring() End Index

4. Casting Truncates

5. Math.pow() Returns double

6. String Immutability

Practice Questions

int a = 17, b = 5;
double result = a / b;
System.out.println(result);

String s = "computer";
System.out.println(s.substring(3, 6));

int x = 47;
System.out.println(x % 10 + x / 10);

double d = -2.7;
int i = (int) d;
System.out.println(i);

System.out.println(3 + 4 + "5" + 6 + 7);

System.out.println((int) Math.pow(3, 2) + 1);

String s = "Mississippi";
System.out.println(s.indexOf("ss"));

int num = (int) (Math.random() * 6) + 1;

String s1 = "Hello";
String s2 = new String("Hello");
System.out.println(s1 == s2);
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2));

Quick Reference

Data Types

String Methods

Math Methods

Final Checklist

• Integer division truncates - cast to double first
• Use .equals() for Strings, not ==
• substring(start, end) - end is EXCLUSIVE
• Casting truncates toward zero, does not round
• Math.pow() returns double
• Strings are immutable - reassign to save changes
• Static: ClassName.method()
• Instance: object.method()
• Calling methods on null crashes